Nyob rau hauv high - kev lag luam zoo li roj av thiab khoom lag luam, thiab khoom noj muaj kuab, thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm feem ntau nthuav tawm cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws thiab tawg. Piv txwv, roj av thiab tshuaj siv cov khoom siv tsim cov roj av ntau dua thiab vapors thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, chaw khaws khoom, thiab kev thauj mus los; Kws muag tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntsej muag ntsej muag muaj cov hmoov av uas muaj kev phom sij organic siv cov tshuaj; Ib yam li ntawd, cov khoom ua zaub mov noj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam xws li dej cawv uas haus cawv sau lossis hmoov nplej milling, ntsib cov kev pheej hmoo sib txuas. Tsis pub dhau cov chaw no, cov khoom siv babector ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb loj, uas yog tsim hluav taws xob lossis kub tsim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Thiaj li, tawg - eCE PREFELING MACHINE tau tshwm sim raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb. Tsim tshwj xeeb rau ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj, lawv pab tau kev nyab xeeb thiab ruaj khov ua haujlwm. Nkag siab txog lawv cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb thiab kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau hauv cov sectors tshwj xeeb. Cov yam ntxwv zoo rau lawv cov txuj ci ua rau xaiv cov lus qhia kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev saib xyuas kev pheej hmoo txaus ntshai. Kev tsis pom zoo cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub tshuab tawg, muaj cov kev ua kom muaj hluav taws kub, thiab muaj kev phom sij rau cov lag luam nyiaj txiag. Txhawm rau pab cov tuam txhab hauv cov kev siv kev nyab xeeb rau kev nyab xeeb rau cov chaw muaj kev phom sij, muab cov lus qhia sib txawv rau kev nyab xeeb ntau lawm.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tawg -} eCEWS BELELING MACHINE
(Kuv) tawg - Cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob
Cov Qauv Xaiv rau tawg -} Pom cov khoom hluav taws xob:
Kev xaiv cov cuab yeej ua raws cov txheej txheem hauv tebchaws GB 3836 cov cua tshuab tawg. Tawg - Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob suav nrog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob suav nrog cov nplaim hluav taws (d), thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb ntxiv (i). Kev xaiv xaiv yuav tsum ua kom haum nrog chav kawm, theem, thiab pab pawg ntawm cov pa roj tawg lossis hmoov av uas muaj ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj. Piv txwv li, thaj chaw uas muaj cov roj av zoo nkauj zoo li hydrogen yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv nrog ntau dua tawg {}} kev ntsuas pov thawj. Hauv cov chaw ib puag ncig hmoov av, hmoov av koom kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob muaj kev tiv thaiv sab hauv. Cov khoom siv yuav tsum dais tau siv tau yooj yim -} Cov ntawv pov thawj pov thawj kom ua raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb.
Tawg - pov thawj tsim qauv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ntsuas rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob:
Cov hlau hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev phom sij tawg. Tawg -} eice pov thawj sau npe tshuab siv cov xaim hluav taws xob nrog cov xaim hluav taws xob. Kev sib txuas yog ntim siv tawg -}}}}}}}}}} tso cov pa roj teeb los tiv thaiv cov roj av lossis hmoov av. Cables feature flame-retardant and explosion-proof properties and are installed to avoid damage or crushing. Ib lub zog hauv av muaj zog yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xyuam xim hluav taws xob zoo li qub thiab txo cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo.
Kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab kev nyab xeeb kev ruaj ntseg ntawm tawg - pov thawj tswj cov chav nyob:
Raws li lub tshuab lub tshuab "lub hlwb," tswj hwm cov chav tswj hwm kev tsim qauv nyab xeeb. Qhov kev txwv no txwv lub zog hluav taws xob kom ntseeg tau cov txim taws los yog cov teebmeem thermal tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj lossis cov yuam kev tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov cua sov. Ntau yam kev sib haum xeeb kev sib deev, suav nrog kev sib tw thiab luv tshaj- Circuit Court tiv thaiv, siv zog tam sim ntawd thaum pom kev txawv txav. Tus neeg teb xov tooj interface, siv tawg - pov thawj touchscreens lossis nyees khawm kev nyab xeeb.
(II) cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tawg -} pref ntaub ntawv kho tshuab qauv tsim
Xaiv cov khoom xaiv thiab tsim cov txheej txheem rau tawg {{}} ntawv pov thawj:
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm stainless hlau los yog aluminium alloys, muab lub zog, corrosion tsis kam, thiab muaj peev xwm muaj kev tawg. Seamless vuam ua kom txhua qhov chaw ncaj ncees, tiv thaiv kev nkag ntawm cov nplaim taws. Tshaj tawm - weld, nruj tsis- Kev sim tshuaj xyuas weld zoo. Kev kho cov npoo npoo, xws li tawg - Pom cov txheej txheem, txhim kho ob qho kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv.
Sealing thiab tawg - pov thawj kho mob ntawm cov chaw txav:
Tsiv cov khoom sib xyaw (piv txwv li, cov menyuam conveyor, cov ntaub ntawv tsav rau cov ntawv sau npe) yog kev sib txhuam thiab cov ntsiab lus muaj peev xwm kev sib txhuam. Tshwj xeeb cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj (piv txwv li, labyrinth ntsaws ruaj ruaj, cov ntaub qhwv daim di ncauj) cais cov feem ntawm cov chaw muaj kev phom sij. Deg Hardening txo kev sib txhuam coefficients thiab txim siab phem. Tawg -} Ua pov thawj cov roj raj roj nqus kom muaj kev loj hlob.
Tawg tawg - ntawv pov thawj tsim ntawm cov tshuab khoom kis tshuab:
Kev Sib Kis Lub Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nruab Nrab -} Ua pov thawj gearboxes thiab couplings. Sab hauv, lub zog tsis pub dhau precision machining rau cov meshing du, txo kev sib txhuam, kev co, thiab kev tso tawm zog. Tawg -} Cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv muab lub zog kom nqus tau thiab tiv thaiv cov zaub mov. Cov ntaub thaiv npog kuj tseem tawg - Ua pov thawj ntsuas kom tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb teeb meem vim tias yuav ua tsis tiav.
(III) Lwm qhov kev ua kom tawg ntawm - Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kev ua pov thawj
Daim ntawv thov thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev tawg - equechuel Sensors:
Machine siv ntau yam tawg {{}}} EQUSICE} Photoffrical txoj haujlwm, kom muaj nuj nqis, thiab cov khoom lag luam muaj, kom ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov. Tsim los ua kev nyab xeeb, cov kev ntsuas no muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau thaj chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj uas tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis kub ntau dhau. Piv txwv li, infrared sensors precisely tshawb pom cov khoom lag luam, signaling cov chaw tswj hwm kom pib sau npe.
Tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tawg - ein effelation sib txuas lus tshuab:
Rau kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev muaj tshuab automation, tawg - eCE lees paub cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg. Kev sib txuas lus ua haujlwm tawg -} Ua pov thawj kev sib txuas lossis cabling rau ruaj khov, muaj kev nyab xeeb scomatal. Cov Txheej Txheem Tshaj Tawm Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv -} inde kev tsim los tiv thaiv mavfunctions. Cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj encryption kev soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm.
Tawg tawg - pov thawj kub dissipation thiab tshuab cua txias:
Cov tshuab hluav taws kub ua hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv tshuab ua pa tawm qhov kev pheej hmoo siab. Machine siv tawg -} Cov khoom siv kub ua pov thawj thiab kiv cua rau yuam {¿} cua lossis ntuj txias. Kev tso kawm thiab kev tso pa tawm tau zoo tshaj plaws tau tsim los tswj kom txias ua kom tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tawg. Sab hauv qhov kub siab muab tiag {{5} Kev tshuaj xyuas, ua rau lub sijhawm ntsuas lossis lub tswb ntsuas yog ntau tshaj li.
Daim ntawv thov kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb rau kev tawg -} eice eam pov thawj cov kab xev hauv cov chaw muaj kev phom sij
(I) Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa thiab commissioning
Kev ntsuam xyuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev teeb tsa ib puag ncig thiab thaj chaw:
Ua ntej rau kev teeb tsa, ua txoj kev sib tw muaj kev pheej hmoo los txiav txim siab txog hom, kev xav, thiab tawg cov khoom txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab tam sim no. Xaiv lub chaw teeb tsa kev teeb tsa raws li kev soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig. Lub xaib yuav tsum qhuav, zoo- pa ncho, deb ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv thiab kub, thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tshav ntuj. Hauv pem teb yuav tsum yog qib, khoom, thiab muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa cov khoom siv hnyav thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Qhov chaw txaus yuav tsum tau muab rau kev teeb tsa, commissioning, thiab txij nkawm cov haujlwm.
Tawg - ein eCE lees paub ceev faj thaum lub sijhawm muab khoom siv:
Cov neeg ua haujlwm installation yuav tsum muaj cov kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse hauv kev tawg {{}}}} Ua cov khoom ua pov thawj rau lub teeb tsa txoj kev teeb tsa. Cov cuab yeej muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm tsim tawm ntawm lub txim taws (piv txwv li, cov kab txheem hluav taws, rab rauj) raug txwv; Tawg - Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tau siv. Tag nrho cov hluav taws xob sib txuas yuav tsum muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab txhim khu kev qha, nrog cov thawv tshuam kev tshuam thiab cable ua kom tiv thaiv tau cov tshuaj tsw qab. Cov txheej txheem av yuav tsum tau nruab ib cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov qauv kev sib tham txog lub rooj sib tham. Ib qho txhij txhua -}} Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum paub meej txog kev ncaj ncees ntawm tawg {}} cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj.
Cov ntsiab lus muaj kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm:
Ua ntej tshaj tawm, rov ua {{{- Saib cov hluav taws xob thiab cov qauv siv tshuab kom tsis paub meej txog kev txawv txav. Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua raws txoj kev nce qib zuj zus - Kev kuaj los ntawm tsawg rau siab thauj, thiab los ntawm yooj yim rau cov haujlwm nyuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv saib xyuas kev ntsuas tsis tu ncua (piv txwv li, cov suab nrov txawv txawv, kev co, qhov kub thiab txias). Tam sim ntawd halt commissioning yog qhov txawv txav tshwm sim, txheeb xyuas qhov ua rau, thiab siv kev kho kom zoo. Cov neeg ua haujlwm cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE) xws li lub hnab looj tes kev nyab xeeb thiab cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv.
(II) Daim ntawv thov kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb cov ntsiab lus hauv kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub
Tus Neeg Teb Xov Tooj Yuav Tsum Tau thiab Kev Kawm Nyab Xeeb:
Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tawg -}} Cov ntawv pov thawj cuam tshuam ua ntej ua haujlwm. Kev cob qhia yuav tsum muab cov ntsiab lus siv npog tshuab, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev ceev faj kev nyab xeeb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum paub txog cov cuab yeej ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm, thiab cov kev pab kub ceev, thiab cov kev kub ceev. Cov kev lag luam yuav tsum ua kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thiab kev kawm txog kev paub txog kev paub txog kev ruaj ntseg thiab paub kev paub zoo.
Tiag - Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Sijhawm thiab Anomaly tuav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm:
Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg mob siab yuav tsum ua tiag - lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub tshuab tswj kev tswj hwm lossis kev saib xyuas ncaj qha. Soj ntsuam cov kev ua haujlwm (voltage, tam sim no, kub, nrawm) thiab nrawm thiab kev co cov cim. Thaum nco txog kev txawv txav, kev tshuaj xyuas cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau qhia tam sim ntawd tus neeg teb xov tooj kom nres lub tshuab thiab pib kho cov kev kho. Feem ntau cov kev yuam kev (piv txwv li, sau npe jams, misalignment) yuav tsum tau daws ib phau ntawv daws teeb meem cov txheej txheem. Txoj kev ua tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kws kho mob nyiam.
Cov txheej txheem thaum muaj xwm ceev nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev puas tsuaj:
Cov kev lag luam yuav tsum tsim cov txheej txheem qhia xwm txheej ceev thiab ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Thaum tawg lossis hluav taws kub, cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tam sim no, khiav tawm ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev kub ntxhov, thiab qhib hluav taws kub kev loj hlob. Cov ntsiab lus xwm txheej yuav tsum tau qhia kom sai rau kev tswj hwm, nrog kev koom tes tag nrho tau muab rau cov tub ceev xwm uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav thiab daws teeb meem.
(Iii) cov ntsiab cai kev nyab xeeb thaum lub sijhawm saib xyuas
Kev tshuaj xyuas ib txwm thiab kev txij nkawm txoj kev rau tawg {{}} eicefation Cheebtsam:
MobileCov ib zaug tshuaj xyuas tawg - Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj (concitting) rau lub cev ncaj ncees, thiab kev sib txuas nruj. Kho lossis hloov cov khoom sib thooj nyuaj tam sim no-}}}}}} Eg, hloov cov gaskets hauv gaskets hauv cov thawv tshuam. Nquag txheeb xyuas cov khoom siv tag nrho - ntawv ua raws li kev sim ua tiav.
Tawg -} Pom cov kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm daws teeb meem:
Cov neeg ua haujlwm tu yuav tsum ua raws li kev tawg {{}}} ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb cov cai. Ua ntej ua kev pabcuam, tsib {{- Enginize cov khoom siv thiab xyuas kom meej cov tso tseg ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Kev ruaj ntseg qhov chaw ua haujlwm nrog pom cov cim ceeb toom thiab kev tso cai nkag tsis tau. Siv tsuas yog tawg - ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj. TAG DISSACBLLED TIV TAWG {{}}} e-}} Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj Cheebtsam kom ntseeg tau tias rov ua kom tiav. Tshaj tawm {{9 {{}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} oper performance oper performance oper performance oper performance performance oper performance performance. Oper oper oper oper...
Kev nyab xeeb siv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm deactivation thiab cia:
Ua ntej deactivation lossis cia, siv cov hauv qab no:
- De -} Enginize cov khoom siv thiab tshem cov khoom seem kom tsis txhob muaj cov nplaim taws lossis hmoov av.
- Ua kom huv si thiab txuag (piv txwv li, thov anti - xeb roj rau cov chaw).
- Pob hluav taws xob Cheebtsam hauv noo noo -} Cov ntaub ntawv resistant.
- Khaws cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv qhuav, qhov cua, tsis - corrosive ib puag ncig.
- Kev tshawb xyuas qee lub sijhawm kuaj thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Kev Xaiv Kev Tshawb Xyuas Kev tawg - eCE proof eice eCments Rau cov chaw sib txawv
(I) Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem rau cov qauv kev puas tsuaj rau thaj chaw tiv thaiv
Zoning ntawm cov roj cua uas tawg tau:
Ib lub teb chaws tus qauv GB 3836 cov cua txias, cov roj av muaj kev phom sij yog cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj chaw 0, cheeb tsam 1. Thaj chaw 1. Thaj chaw 1. Thaj chaw 1 yog hais txog thaj chaw uas cov roj tawg tau qee zaum qee zaum ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Zone 2 qhia qhov chaw uas sib xyaw zoo li tsis zoo li yuav muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj, lossis nyob ib txwm muaj. Tawg - Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj uas tau tshaj tawm nrog cheeb tsam kev faib tawm, nrog thaj chaw 0 thov kom muaj qib tiv thaiv siab tshaj plaws.
Zoning ntawm cov plua plav tsis muaj plua plav cua:
Cov chaw muaj hmoov av muaj ntau yam yog categorized li categorized li categorized li categorized li categorized ntawm cheeb tsam 20, thiab thaj tsam 22. Thaj chaw 20 sawv cev rau thaj chaw uas ua rau cov plua plav tsis tu ncua lossis ntau zaus. Thaj chaw 21 piav qhia qhov chaw uas huab uas plua plav tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj. Thaj chaw 22 rho cov cheeb tsam uas cov huab huab tsis zoo li yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj los yog muaj nyob ib puag ncig lossis muaj nyob ib puag ncig. Hmoov av - nrawm kev ntseeg siab yuav yog ib qho kev xaiv tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw no.
Cov yam ntxwv thiab txaus ntshai ntawm cov qib sib txawv:
Siab dua - txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov neeg tawg loj tshaj plaws thiab tau muab cov khoom siv tiv thaiv nruj me ntsis. Zones 1/21 Nqa cov kev pheej hmoo ua haujlwm thiab yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Zones 2/22 Muaj kev pheej hmoo qis dua tab sis tseem yuav tau muaj pov thawj tawg -} Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kom ntseeg tau.
(II) lub hauv paus thiab cov txheej txheem rau tawg - ntawv pov thawj kev xaiv
Xaiv cov hom tiv thaiv raws li cov tshuaj phem:
Thawj txheeb xyuas seb cov pa roj av, sib txuas plua plav, lossis ob qho tib si muaj nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Rau gases, xaiv ntawm flameproof (d), muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau (e), lossis kev nyab xeeb rau kev nyab xeeb (i) hom. Rau cov hmoov av, xaiv plua plav ignition {}} eAf) (TD) khoom siv. Kev ua ke cov phom sij yuav tsum muaj cov kev sib tshuam ua ke nrog cov kev tiv thaiv ntau yam.
Txiav txim siab txog qib kev tiv thaiv raws li kev faib tawm:
Phim cov cuab yeej ntsuas rau cheeb tsam mob hnyav. Hauv cov cheeb tsam 0/20, piav qhia txog qib siab tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, ex d iic t6 rau gases; ex td a20 ip66℃rau hmoov av). Zones 1/21 yuav tsum tau muab cov cuab yeej siv tau ua tiav kev ua haujlwm. Zones 2/22 Daim Ntawv Tso Cai Txheem -} ua tiav cov khoom siv nrog cov qib kev tiv thaiv qis dua.
Ntsuas kev ua tau zoo thiab raug nqi hauv cov khoom xaiv:
Tshaj li tawg - eCE ua ntaub ntawv ua raws cai, kev ua haujlwm tau zoo, thiab ua haujlwm ruaj khov rau kev xav tau ntau lawm. Cail Ross- Hom Tshuaj Sib Tw Kom Paub Kev Txhim Kho Kom Zoo Tshaj Plaws Uas Tau Txais Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Siv Nyiaj Txiag.
(Iii) cov ntaub ntawv thov ntawm tawg - eCE ntawv pov thawj thev naus laus zis hauv cov xwm txheej raug
Xaiv rau petrochemical kev lag luam:
Cov chaw ua liaj ua teb tank thiab chaw thau khoom (feem ntau cheeb tsam 1/2) tuav cov vapoleum xav tau cov nplaim taws (ex d) lossis muaj kev nyab xeeb (ex i) Labeling Machine. Piv txwv li: tus ex d iic t4-ntaus tshuab rau nruas bitting hauv tank ib thaj chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tawm sab nraud. Kev tsim kho corrosion ntxiv thiab kev tsim kho muaj zog yog qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov chaw ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Kws Tshuaj Siv Kev Lag Luam:
Hauv cov chaw ntim khoom (cheeb tsam 21/22) qhov chaw uas cov huab cua tsis muaj zog lossis cov hmoov av (ex TD) cov tshuab hluav taws xob nrog kev nyab xeeb (ex i) hluav taws xob. Piv Txwv: Kws Tshuaj Npab Cim Hluav Taws Xob Siv Kuv Circuits kom tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm thaum ua haujlwm ex cov hmoov sib txuas ua ke. Cov cuab yeej siv yuav tsum muaj cov cim kev tu huv si, cov ntaub ntawv kom ntxaws thiab cov khoom siv kaw cov khoom lag luam.
Cov cuab yeej xaiv rau kev ua zaub mov noj:
Cov kab cawv Cawv (chaw 2 nrog cov khoom siv ethanol) ce tsis yog - la ic t4) babers uas tshem tawm cov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Cov Khoom Siv Zauv Khoom (Cheeb Tsam 21/22) Thov kom plua plav {}}}} nruj (ex td)
}} rated enctsures rau kev sib xyaw ua ke}. Txhua cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum ua raws li cov zaub mov- / EC1935) kom tsis txhob muaj cov khoom paug tsis huv.